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Particle nature of light (The Photon) Particle nature of light :- Photoelectric effect i.e. the ejection of electrons from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency falls on it, established the fact that light when interact with matter behaves as if it was made of quanta (packets of energy) each having energy hν,…
Einstein photoelectric Equation Einstein explained the various laws of photoelectric emission on the basis of Planck’s revolutionary idea of Planck’s Quantum theory(year 1900) “Energy emitted or absorbed is not continuous, but it is in the form of packets of energy called quanta. One such quantum of radiation is called a photon which travels with…
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Failure of wave theory to explain photoelectric effect Failure of wave theory to explain photoelectric effect :- Huygen’s wave theory of light failed to explain the photoelectric effect because of the following reasons :- According to Wave theory of light, the energy of a beam of light is measured by the intensity of…
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Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation :- Mutual interaction of radiation with substances such as Photoelectric effect(phenomenon in which electrically charged particles are released from or within a material when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation) Compton effect(Compton scattering occurs when a photon interacts with an outer orbital electron. In…
Sign Convention of Lens Sign Convention of Lens :- Sign convention is a set of rules to set signs for object distance (u), image distance (v), focal length (f), etc. for mathematical analysis of image formation. According to it :- Object is always placed to the left of lens. All distances are measured from…
Lens makers formula Lens maker’s formula Lens makers formula :- Lens maker’s formula is the relation between the focal length of a lens, the refractive index of its material and the radii of curvature of its two surfaces. It is used by lens manufacturers to make the lenses of particular power from the glass…
Lens Lens :- A lens is a piece of transparent material with two refracting surfaces such that at least one is curved and refractive index of its material is different from that of the surroundings. Types of lens :- The two main types of lenses are Convex Lens (Converging) Concave Lens (Diverging) …
Spherical Refracting Surface Spherical Refracting Surface :- A refracting surface which forms a part of a sphere of transparent refracting material is called a spherical refracting surface. These are of two types :- (i) Convex spherical refracting surface which is convex towards rarer medium side and (ii) Concave spherical refracting surface which is…
Total Internal Reflection What is Total Internal Reflection? When light travels from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium then at the interface, it is partly reflected back into the same medium and partly refracted into the second medium. This reflection is called the internal reflection. We know that when a ray…
Refraction of light Refraction of light:- When a ray of light enters from one medium to another transparent medium, a part of the light gets reflected back in the first medium while the remaining part enters the transparent medium. This remaining part, which enters the other medium, changes its direction of propagation at…