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New Cartesian Sign Convention New Cartesian Sign Convention :- To get the formula for reflection by spherical mirrors and refraction by spherical lenses, we have to follow a sign convention. We will use the Cartesian sign convention, according to which all distances are measured from the pole of the spherical mirror or the…
Spherical Mirror Spherical mirrors are mirrors with curved surfaces that are shaped like a section of a sphere. These mirrors have many applications, including in telescopes, microscopes, cameras, and many other optical devices. They are commonly used to reflect light and form images of objects. Types of Spherical Mirror They come in two…
Laws of Reflection Laws of Reflection :- All surfaces(perfectly smooth or rough) which can reflect light, obey the following two laws of reflection :- (i) First law :- The angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of reflection (r). i.e., ∠i = ∠r (ii) Second law :- The incident ray, the…
Reflection of light Reflection of light :- When light rays strike the boundary of two media such as air and glass, a part of light is bounced back into the same medium. This is called reflection of light. Figure (a) shows a bundle of parallel light rays reflecting from a mirror-like surface. In this…
Properties of Electric Field Lines The properties of electric field lines are: 1. Electric field lines originate from positive charges and terminate on negative charges. The lines never start or end in empty space because the electric field is created by the presence of charges. 2. The number of electric field lines leaving a…
विस्पन्द(Beats) | विस्पन्द किसे कहते हैं विस्पन्द(Beats) | विस्पन्द किसे कहते हैं :- एक ही दिशा में गमन करने वाली समान आयाम की किन्तु भिन्न-भिन्न आवृत्तियों की दो ध्वनि तरंगों के अध्यारोपण से, ध्वनि तरंगों के आयाम (या तीव्रता) में उतार-चढ़ाव को विस्पन्द कहते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, जब थोड़ी भिन्न आवृत्तियों वाले दो स्वरित्र…
Beats in sound waves | Beats class 11 Beats in sound waves | Beats class 11 :- Beats are fluctuations in amplitude(or intensity) produced by superposition of two sound waves of same amplitude and slightly different frequencies travelling in same direction. For example, when two tuning forks with slightly different frequencies are sounded together, then…
विद्युत चुंबकीय तरंगों की प्रकृति | vidut chumbkiya tarangon ki prakarti hoti hai विद्युत चुंबकीय तरंगों की प्रकृति | vidut chumbkiya tarangon ki prakarti hoti hai :- विद्युत चुम्बकीय तरंगें एक प्रकार की ऊर्जा हैं जो प्रकाश की चाल से अंतरिक्ष में यात्रा करती हैं। ये विद्युत और चुंबकीय क्षेत्रों के दोलन द्वारा उत्पन्न…
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Application of Elasticity Application of Elasticity :- Elasticity has important applications in the fields of mechanical, civil, aeronautical and materials engineering, for example determining the strength and load carrying ability of engineering structures including buildings, bridges, cars, planes, and thousands of machine parts. Some of the application of elasticity are :- (1) Metallic ropes…
मैक्सवेल के समीकरण मैक्सवेल के समीकरण :- मैक्सवेल ने विद्युत एवं चुंबकत्व के लिए 4 गणितीय समीकरण दिए जिन्हें मैक्सवेल के समीकरण कहते हैं। इन समीकरणों के आधार पर विद्युत चुंबकीय घटनाओं की व्याख्या की जा सकती है। मैक्सवेल के समीकरण निम्न प्रकार हैं :- 1. स्थिर विद्युत क्षेत्र के लिए गाउस का नियम…